Excess properties of the mixture bis(2-dichlorethyl)ether (chlorex) + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (isooctane), Containers may explode when heated. [all data], Staveley, Tupman, et al., 1955 Khim., 1947, 17, 1999-2003. Myeloperoxidase mutations result in loss of function and may result in decreased generation of toxic metabolites. Heat capacities of some organic liquids determined with the mixing calorimeter, Soc. / Cincia & Tecnologia dos Materiais 26 (2014) 142-149 143 test specimen but depends on the methods of preparation of the specimen, presence of surface and final temperature T f = C = K = F, Q = calories = kcal = x 10^ calories. Soc., 1940, 62, 696-700. J. Chem. Dokl. Some of our calculators and applications let you save application data to your local computer. The most important variations contain nitrogen. Benzene is classified as a carcinogen, which increases the risk of cancer and other illnesses, and is also a notorious cause of bone marrow failure. J. Phys. [all data], Vesely, Zabransky, et al., 1979 Soc., 1925, 47, 1490-1503. errors or omissions in the Database. Eng. Benzene - Density and Specific Weight vs. [all data], Tanaka, 1985 Title: Microsoft Word - 9701_s19_ms_41 Author: whitej Created Date: 8/6/2019 11:46:17 AM . J. Res. [16] An acidic material was derived from benzoin by sublimation, and named "flowers of benzoin", or benzoic acid. ; Tupman, W.I. Today, most benzene comes from the petrochemical industry, with only a small fraction being produced from coal. to the boiling point, You will need these items: T-shirt Ironing board Iron Wax paper Towel or rag Step 1: Data, 1985, 30, 267-269. 5. Have definite volume (are very slightly compressible) 3. biphenyl (aka diphenyl) at higher temperature: If the raw material stream contains much non-aromatic components (paraffins or naphthenes), those are likely decomposed to lower hydrocarbons such as methane, which increases the consumption of hydrogen. This amount is about 10 times the average daily intake of benzene by nonsmokers. heat [1] 3. Thermodynam., 1988, 20, 1183-1189. Thermodynam., 1974, 6, 873-876. "VIII. 2021 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce 1: With the help of a household iron This is one of the most common and easiest ways to unstuck vinyl print (letters or artwork) pressed on your tee. Chem. It was formerly used as parasiticide. NQ01 and GSH shift metabolism away from toxicity. [49] In 1870, the German chemist Viktor Meyer first applied Grbe's nomenclature to benzene.[50]. Why is the liquid phase of water denser than the solid phase? Report I. Table 7.2. Although benzene is a major industrial chemical, it finds limited use in consumer items because of its toxicity. Equation 1. [all data], Gorbunova, Simonov, et al., 1983 . Temperature and Pressure - Online calculator, figures and table showing density and specific weight of benzene, C 6 H 6, at temperatures ranging from 5 to 325 C (42 to 620 F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units. ; Shipova, V.A., If gloves are worn, PVA, butyl rubber and viton are suitable materials. We don't collect information from our users. [all data], von Reis, 1881 Faraday Soc., 1956, 52, 753-763. Benzene CCOHS. Claus, Adolph K.L. Smart Sensor: 10.0 eV Lamp, 100 ppm, Benzene specific 50 ppm (PID003L), with tube holder & box of 10 tubes This powerful hand-held instrument is capable of simultaneously monitoring up to 6 gases. Sulfonation of benzene involves the use of oleum, a mixture of sulfuric acid with sulfur trioxide. The formula is Cv = Q / (T m). The new understanding of benzene, and hence of all aromatic compounds, proved to be so important for both pure and applied chemistry that in 1890 the German Chemical Society organized an elaborate appreciation in Kekul's honor, celebrating the twenty-fifth anniversary of his first benzene paper. Thermophys., 1981, 2(2), 155-162. Except where noted otherwise, data relate to, This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 04:18. Eliminate heat and ignition sources such as sparks, open flames, hot surfaces and static . The proportionality constant c is sometimes referred to as the specific heat capacity or (incorrectly) the heat capacity. However, if heated it becomes a gas, and when cooled it becomes a solid. Coll. [88][89] In September 1995, NIOSH issued a new policy for developing recommended exposure limits (RELs) for substances, including carcinogens. Archibald Scott Couper in 1858 and Johann Josef Loschmidt in 1861[36] suggested possible structures that contained multiple double bonds or multiple rings, but too little evidence was then available to help chemists decide on any particular structure. Zaved. Hydrogenation cannot be stopped to give cyclohexene or cyclohexadienes as these are superior substrates. Heat capacity of benzene at high pressures, [77] The US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) classifies benzene as a human carcinogen. with specific heat c = cal/gmC = joule/gmC, initial temperature T i = C = K = F. Specific target organ toxicity - repeated exposure - Category 1. Fiock, E.F.; Ginnings, D.C.; Holton, W.B., ; Simonov, V.M. (The specific heat of benzene is 1.740 J/g C). The molecule is located on a crystallographic inversion center and the terminal aminophenoxy rings are almost perpendicular to the central benzene ring with a dihedral angle of 85.40 (4). Ahlberg, J.E. All rights reserved. [105] Benzene leaked into the Songhua River, which supplies drinking water to the city, after an explosion at a China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) factory in the city of Jilin on 13 November 2005. Complete decarboxylation of mellitic acid gives benzene. ; Daniels, F., The short term exposure limit for airborne benzene is 5 ppm for 15 minutes. Gorbunova, N.I. Heat Stress Risk Assessment for Baseball and Softball Assignors . National Institute of Standards and London, 1933, 45, 194-207. The current ACGIH biological exposure limits for occupational exposure are 500 g/g creatinine for muconic acid and 25 g/g creatinine for phenylmercapturic acid in an end-of-shift urine specimen.[91][92][93][94]. Grolier, J.-P.E. This reaction is achieved by the use of high pressures of hydrogen in the presence of heterogeneous catalysts, such as finely divided nickel. Die aromatischen Verbindungen. [22] Four years later, Mansfield began the first industrial-scale production of benzene, based on the coal-tar method. Sci., 1969, 38, 510-511. To examine the effects of suppression of NOS activity on hematopoietic stem cells, we treated animals with NOS inhibitors or with control saline solution for 6 or 12 days and analyzed the changes in long-term engraftment of cells from these animals using a competitive repopulation assay: we mixed BM cells from the treated animals expressing the Ly-5.1 (CD45.1) alloantigen with a 4-fold excess . Only emails and answers are saved in our archive. The pure material, and any solutions containing it, constitute a fire risk. The specific heat capacity is the heat or energy required to change one unit mass of a substance of a constant volume by 1 C. ; Everett, D.H., CYP2E1 is involved at multiple steps: converting benzene to oxepin (benzene oxide), phenol to hydroquinone, and hydroquinone to both benzenetriol and catechol. Depending on the feedstock used to produce the olefins, steam cracking can produce a benzene-rich liquid by-product called pyrolysis gasoline. J. In the body, benzene is enzymatically converted to a series of oxidation products including muconic acid, phenylmercapturic acid, phenol, catechol, hydroquinone and 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene. Ann. uses its best efforts to deliver a high quality copy of the (The density of benzene is 0.80 g/mL, its specific heat capacity is 1.74 J/g K, and its heat of fusion is 127 J/g.) 9.11 Ratio of Specific Heats of Vapor (Gas): 1.061 9.12 Latent Heat of Vaporization: 169 Btu/lb = 94.1 cal/g = 3.94 X 105 J/kg It is highly recommended to seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its directions. There are sufficient high-quality literature values to make a good evaluation with a high degree of confidence. In industrybenzeneis used as a solvent, as a chemical intermediate, and is used in the synthesis of numerous chemicals. Chem. The American Petroleum Institute (API) stated in 1948 that "it is generally considered that the only absolutely safe concentration for benzene is zero". STP - Standard Temperature and Pressure & NTP - Normal Temperature and Pressure, Heat (enthalpy) of sublimation, at 42F/5.85C, Specific heat capacity, Cp (solid) at 32F/0C, log KOW (Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient), Specific Gravity (liquid) (relativ to water), Standard molar entropy, S (solid), at 1 bara. This page provides supplementary chemical data on benzene. It is used primarily as a precursor to the manufacture of chemicals with more complex structure, such as ethylbenzene and cumene, of which billions of kilograms are produced annually. Under these conditions, aliphatic hydrocarbons form rings and lose hydrogen to become aromatic hydrocarbons. As benzene can cause cancer, NIOSH recommends that all workers wear special breathing equipment when they are likely to be exposed to benzene at levels exceeding the recommended (8-hour) exposure limit of 0.1 ppm.[84]. : Molwarme des Systems 1,2-Dibromathan-Benzol, ; Picker, P., The structure of benzene and the benzene ring is shown in Figure 1.2. ; Roux-Desgranges, G.; Berkane, M.; Jimenez, E.; Wilhelm, E., In a human study 16.4 to 41.6% of retained benzene was eliminated through the lungs within five to seven hours after a two- to three-hour exposure to 47 to 110 ppm and only 0.07 to 0.2% of the remaining benzene was excreted unchanged in the urine. Because it contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms, benzene is classed as a hydrocarbon.[15]. 3 mtr circ Lifting strap 1 Ton x 1.5m EWL round sling Hoist, 30PCS 3/8-16x1-3/4" Allen Socket Head Cap Screws Bolts Alloy Coarse Black Oxide, Drive 6 Point Deep Impact Socket 55433 x 1/2 in Steelman 13/16 in, Combustible Gas Leak LEL Natural Gas Detector Methane Benzene Propane Alarm, 1-Count Sharpie Twin-Tip . ; Inglese, A.; Wilhelm, E., [all data], Naziev, Bashirov, et al., 1986 Etude thermochimique dans la serie furanique, Cookies are only used in the browser to improve user experience. [103], Under specific conditions and in the presence of other chemicals benzoic acid (a preservative) and ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) may interact to produce benzene. AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. Czech. cHliquid : Standard liquid enthalpy of combustion (kJ/mol). Isentropic compressibilities of binary liquid mixtures at 303.15 and 313.15 K, Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed. Rajagopal, E.; Subrahmanyam, S.V., Shiohama, Y.; Ogawa, H.; Murakami, S.; Fujihara, I., ; Nikolaev, P.N., Benzene itself can be measured in breath, blood or urine, but such testing is usually limited to the first 24 hours post-exposure due to the relatively rapid removal of the chemical by exhalation or biotransformation. 2. Benzene: 0.085: 2.7: 4.0: 1460: Hexane: . Chem., 1971, 24, 1817-1822. The phase diagram for benzene shows the phase behavior with changes in temperature and pressure. [all data], Kurbatov, 1947 Benzene (CAS 71-43-2) 1 Carcinogenic to humans. Manufacture of some of these benzene-containing formulations ceased in about 1950, although Liquid Wrench continued to contain significant amounts of benzene until the late 1970s. 1 lists the specific heats for various materials. The phase diagram of benzene is shown below the table. von Reis, M.A., The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set a permissible exposure limit of 1 part of benzene per million parts of air (1 ppm) in the workplace during an 8-hour workday, 40-hour workweek. After exposure to 63 to 405mg/m3 of benzene for 1 to 5 hours, 51 to 87% was excreted in the urine as phenol over a period of 23 to 50 hours. Obshch. These applications will - due to browser restrictions - send data between your browser and our server. ; El-Sharkawy, A.A.; Gasser, F.A., [all data], Richards and Wallace, 1932 ; Wilhelm, E.; Hamedi, M.H., [citation needed]. Have definite shape (resist deformation) 2. Ber. For other uses, see, Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their, Biological oxidation and carcinogenic activity, Critics pointed out a problem with Kekul's original (1865) structure for benzene: Whenever benzene underwent substitution at the ortho position, two distinguishable isomers should have resulted, depending on whether a double bond or a single bond existed between the carbon atoms to which the substituents were attached; however, no such isomers were observed. Zhur., 1986, 51(5), 789-795. [30][37] Kekul used evidence that had accumulated in the intervening yearsnamely, that there always appeared to be only one isomer of any monoderivative of benzene, and that there always appeared to be exactly three isomers of every disubstituted derivativenow understood to correspond to the ortho, meta, and para patterns of arene substitutionto argue in support of his proposed structure. Commun., 1979, 44, 3529-3532. [38] Kekul's symmetrical ring could explain these curious facts, as well as benzene's 1:1 carbon-hydrogen ratio. Add standard and customized parametric components - like flange beams, lumbers, piping, stairs and more - to your Sketchup model with the Engineering ToolBox - SketchUp Extension - enabled for use with the amazing, fun and free SketchUp Make and SketchUp Pro .Add the Engineering ToolBox extension to your SketchUp from the SketchUp Pro Sketchup Extension Warehouse! Short Commun. Lainez, A.; Rodrigo, M.M. Most of these metabolites have some value as biomarkers of human exposure, since they accumulate in the urine in proportion to the extent and duration of exposure, and they may still be present for some days after exposure has ceased. at 1 atm: botling point = 80. FOIA. Sandmeyer Reaction. [51], Trace amounts of benzene are found in petroleum and coal. Benzoic acid and its salts undergo decarboxylation to benzene. See, The word "benzoin" is derived from the Arabic expression ", Laurent, Auguste (1836) "Sur la chlorophnise et les acides chlorophnisique et chlorophnsique,". Anal. In the absence of the catalyst, benzene is impervious to hydrogen. 80.0C Boiling Point Melting Point Heat of Vaporization: Heat of Fusion 10.0C 10.0 kJ/mol 30.0 kJ/mol 100.0 J/mol K 90.0 J/mol K 70.0 J/mol K heat capacity . The current NIOSH definition for an IDLH condition, as given in the NIOSH Respirator Selection Logic, is one that poses a threat of exposure to airborne contaminants when that exposure is likely to cause death or immediate or delayed permanent adverse health effects or prevent escape from such an environment. Trans. Inzh-Fiz. Gorbunova, N.I. [68] European petrol specifications now contain the same 1% limit on benzene content. The benzene molecule is composed of six carbon atoms joined in a planar ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each. Pure Benzene (C_6H_6) has a melting point of 5.5 degrees Celsius. J. Eng. 1 C) = 30.7 k // mol melting point = 5.5 0 C A H tin (5.50 C) = 9.95 kV / mol specific heat liguid = 1.741/ 0 C At a pressure of 1 atm, what is AH in kJ for the process of condensing a 31.3 a sample of gaseous benzene at . Soc., 1926, 48, 1274-1287. *** Very flammable. [all data], Kalali, Kohler, et al., 1987 Toluene is also processed into benzene. Gatterman Reaction J. Chem. One way of understanding the carcinogenic effects of benzene is by examining the products of biological oxidation. ; Wallace, J.H., Jr., Chim. J. Chem. The specific heat of liquid water is 4.184 J/g C and the specific heat of steam is 1.99 J/g C. H vapof water = 40.8 kJ/mol. The flow rates of the hot and cold stream in the preheaters are equal. Am. [all data], Tanaka, 1982 Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) J. Chem. Am. 1. Grolier, J.-P.E. [all data], Prosen, Gilmont, et al., 1945 Steam cracking is the process for producing ethylene and other alkenes from aliphatic hydrocarbons. Am. Structure and properties . [all data], Swietoslawski and Zielenkiewicz, 1960 J. Chem. Study of the heat capacity of selected solvents, Applicability of the DuPont 900 DTA apparatus in quantitative differential thermal analysis, See: Thiele, Johannes (1899) "Zur Kenntnis der ungesttigten Verbindungen" (On our knowledge of unsaturated compounds), Kolmetz, Gentry, Guidelines for BTX Revamps, AIChE 2007 Spring Conference, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Benzene production is currently expanding in the Middle East and in Africa, whereas production capacities in Western Europe and North America are stagnating. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Sci. Aust. Chlorination is achieved with chlorine to give chlorobenzene in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminium tri-chloride. [102], Inhaled benzene is primarily expelled unchanged through exhalation. Z. Phys. From p. 102: " benzene, according to this view, may be represented by a double ring, in fact." [all data], Kolosovskii and Udovenko, 1934 In 1855, Hofmann used the word "aromatic" to designate this family relationship, after a characteristic property of many of its members. Carbon dioxide (CO2). Khim., 1941, 11, 471-482. The solvent-properties of the two are similar, but toluene is less toxic and has a wider liquid range. The molecule is planar. The . Oliver, G.D.; Eaton, M.; Huffman, H.M., Chem. ; Khan, V.H., [42] If the anecdote is the memory of a real event, circumstances mentioned in the story suggest that it must have happened early in 1862. In another human study, 30% of absorbed dermally applied benzene, which is primarily metabolized in the liver, was excreted as phenol in the urine. Benzene - Density and Specific Weight vs. Faraday Soc., 1955, 51, 323-342. Chem., 1987, 118, 1-18. Benzene depletion in a laminar premixed flat stoichiometric low-pressure methane/air/benzene (1.5%) flame was investigated using a recently developed kinetic model that has been tested for low-pressure combustion of acetylene, ethylene, and benzene.Experimental flame structures of two stoichiometric methane/air flames (v =34.2 cm s 1, 5.33 kPa) with and without the addition of 1.5% of . \Delta H of fusion for benzene is 9.87 kJ/mol; specific heat for liquid benzene is 1.63 J/g X degrees). When certain compounds are heated, light is emitted because the compounds CONVERT some of the energy from the heating into coloured light of specific colours. "Spectral Database for Organic Compounds", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benzene_(data_page)&oldid=1139250020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. J. Cp,gas : Ideal gas heat capacity (J/molK). Soc., 1932, 54, 2705-2713. Recovery of the aromatics, commonly referred to as BTX (benzene, toluene and xylene isomers), involves such extraction and distillation steps. Some thermodynamice properties of the systems benzene + ethylene dichloride, benzene + carbon tetrachloride, acetone + chloroform, and acetone + carbon disulphide, Please read AddThis Privacy for more information. The heat capacities and heat of crystallization of some isomeric aromatic compounds, ; Jost, W., [66], Toluene is now often used as a substitute for benzene, for instance as a fuel additive. [all data], Fortier, Benson, et al., 1976 This process was later discontinued. Engineering ToolBox - Resources, Tools and Basic Information for Engineering and Design of Technical Applications! [23][24] Gradually, the sense developed among chemists that a number of substances were chemically related to benzene, comprising a diverse chemical family. Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure May cause drowsiness and dizziness. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Ser. [all data], Zhdanov, 1941 been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. Excess thermodynamic functions of the systems: benzene + p-xylene and benzene + p-dioxan, Calculate the number of joules required to melt 57.4 g of benzene at 5.5 degrees; The specific heat of toluene, C_7H_8, is 1.13 J/g K. Given that demand for para-xylene (p-xylene) substantially exceeds demand for other xylene isomers, a refinement of the TDP process called Selective TDP (STDP) may be used. ; Gilmont, R.; Rossini, F.D., A small-area case-crossover study", "Advances in understanding benzene health effects and susceptibility", American Petroleum Institute, API Toxicological Review, Benzene, September 1948, "Advances in Understanding Benzene Health Effects and Susceptibility", International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs, "Benzene-induced cancers: abridged history and occupational health impact", "The toxicity of benzene and its metabolism and molecular pathology in human risk assessment", Occupational Safety and Health Standards, Toxic and Hazardous Substances, 1910.1028, Public Health Statement for Benzene, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Tanaka, R., [all data], Reddy, 1986 Approximately 24,700,000 tons were produced in 1999. ; T = 9 to 80C, mean Cp, five temperatures. In addition to the standard 4 confined space gases which include combustibles, O2, CO, & H2S, the GX-6000 has 2 additional smart channels that accept . Calorimetry (Lect. Thermodynam., 1976, 8, 411-423. Izv. Vesely, F.; Zabransky, M.; Svoboda, V.; Pick, J., More heat is required to raise the temperature of 1 g of benzene 1.C.C than to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1.C.C. J. Thermophysics, 1982, 3, 1-15. The most common reactions of benzene involve substitution of a proton by other groups. Temp., 1983, 21(2), 270-275. Temperature b. Benzeneis present in crude oils and is a product of oil-refining processes. Next, the diol is newly reduced by NADH to catechol. The discussed value is almost 1.3 times higher than the heat flux obtained in case quenching is conducted by downward spray. Pressions maxima des vapeurs du benzene et du cyclohexane aux temperatures moyennes et calcul de leurs chaleurs specifiques principales, Alkyne trimerisation of acetylene gives benzene. Am. Thus, a double bond would exist with one neighbor during the first interval and with the other neighbor during the next interval. Data, 1987, 32, 176-177. Are fluid 5. Tohoku Imp. Specific heat of liquids. Physical State (20 deg.C) Liquid. Huffman, H.M.; Parks, G.S. Enthalpies of combustion of toluene, benzene, cyclohexane, cyclohexene, methylcyclopentane, 1-methylcyclopentene, and n-hexane, Molar heat capacities of binary liquid mixtures: 1,2-dichloroethane + benzene, + toluene, and + p-xylene, Acta, 1985, 88, 255-260. 14.3 g What is the oxidation number of carbon in C2O4? The title compound, C18H16N2O2, is a precusor for the synthesis of polyimides. Chem. [83] The maximum allowable amount of benzene in workroom air during an 8-hour workday, 40-hour workweek is 1 ppm. Class XII. [65] More than half of the entire benzene production is processed into ethylbenzene, a precursor to styrene, which is used to make polymers and plastics like polystyrene. Rover's Latest Discovery Puts It 'On the Table', "Organic matter preserved in 3-billion-year-old mudstones at Gale crater, Mars", "A Crystallographic Study of Solid Benzene by Neutron Diffraction", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A, "Electronic structure of the benzene molecule", "Unicode Character 'BENZENE RING' (U+232C)", "Unicode Character 'BENZENE RING WITH CIRCLE' (U+23E3)", "Heterocyclic Chemistry: Heterocyclic Compounds", "A pervasive molecule is captured in a photograph", "Market Study: Benzene (2nd edition), Ceresana, August 2014", "Market Study: Toluene, Ceresana, January 2015", "Control of Hazardous Air Pollutants From Mobile Sources", "Traffic-related air pollution and the onset of myocardial infarction: disclosing benzene as a trigger? Am. DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing, Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Notes, Roux, Temprado, et al., 2008 Bull. [46], The German chemist Wilhelm Krner suggested the prefixes ortho-, meta-, para- to distinguish di-substituted benzene derivatives in 1867; however, he did not use the prefixes to distinguish the relative positions of the substituents on a benzene ring. The major sources of benzene exposure are tobacco smoke, automobile service stations, exhaust from motor vehicles, and industrial emissions; however, ingestion and dermal absorption of benzene can also occur through contact with contaminated water. Pure benzene, for example, oxidizes in the body to produce an epoxide, benzene oxide, which is not excreted readily and can interact with DNA to produce harmful mutations. Contact China Manufactory Wuhan Kaimubuke Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd for the product BERYLLIUM CHLORIDE. "Zur Kenntnis der ungesttigen Verbindungen,", "Untersuchungen ber aromatische Verbindungen (Investigations of aromatic compounds)", "The Structure of the Benzene Ring in Hexamethylbenzene", "An X-Ray Analysis of the Structure of Hexachlorobenzene, Using the Fourier Method", "Meet Kathleen Lonsdale, the physicist and prison reformer who cracked benzene's code", "Faits pour servir la dtermination du lieu chimique dans la srie aromatique", "Untersuchungen ber die Constitution der zweifach-substituirten Benzole", "Life on Mars? J. Chem. Pol. Naziev, Ya.M. Please read Google Privacy & Terms for more information about how you can control adserving and the information collected. Compound Name: Benzene; Formula: C6H6; at Temperature: Policies. Structure and properties. Pyrolysis gasoline can be blended with other hydrocarbons as a gasoline additive, or routed through an extraction process to recover BTX aromatics (benzene, toluene and xylenes). Mesure des chaleurs specifique moleculaires de quelques liquides, [citation needed], Several tests can determine exposure to benzene. Risk of ignition. [97] Benzene causes chromosomal aberrations in the peripheral blood leukocytes and bone marrow explaining the higher incidence of leukemia and multiple myeloma caused by chronic exposure. ; Daniels, F., Glutathione seems to play an important role by protecting against benzene-induced DNA breaks and it is being identified as a new biomarker for exposure and effect. Prosen, E.J. Compt. Acad. [all data], Gorbunova, Grigoriev, et al., 1982 The Cl , Br and CN nucleophiles can easily be introduced in the benzene ring of benzene diazonium salt in the presence of Cu(I) ion. Google use cookies for serving our ads and handling visitor statistics. ; Bashirov, M.M. The specific heats and latent heats of fusion of ice and of several organic compounds, Vyssh. Duff, G.M. the [all data], Findenegg, Gruber, et al., 1965 GSH mutations or deletions result in loss of function and result in decreased detoxification. [17] Kekul's 1890 speech[41] in which this anecdote appeared has been translated into English. Staveley, L.A.K. [all data], Subrahmanyam and Khan, 1969 for disposal with other flammable, non-chlorinated solvents. A typical reaction yield exceeds 95%. National Institutes of Health. The formula for specific heat capacity, C, of a substance with mass m, is C = Q / (m T). J. Chem. Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6. Benzene is sufficiently nucleophilic that it undergoes substitution by acylium ions and alkyl carbocations to give substituted derivatives. Benzene targets the liver, kidney, lung, heart and brain and can cause DNA strand breaks and chromosomal damage. See also tabulated values of specific heat of gases, food and foodstuff, metals and semimetals, common solids and other common substances as well as values of molar heat capacity of common organic substances and inorganic substances. Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure (narcotic effects) - Category 3 - Narcotic effect. [all data], Tschamler, 1948 Chim., 1968, 16, 549-552. Reproductive toxicity Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child. [78] IARC rated benzene as "known to be carcinogenic to humans" (Group 1). ; T = 293 to 323 K. Data calculated from equation. Benzene vapor is heavier than air. [all data], Dejardin, 1919 Am. Benzene is a natural constituent of petroleum and is one of the elementary petrochemicals. There are limitations on the content of benzene in gasoline. Ref. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. The heat capacities of benzene, methyl alcohol and glycerol at very low temperatures, This reaction is called Sandmeyer reaction. Studies have shown that genotype at these loci may influence susceptibility to the toxic effects of benzene exposure. The United States Environmental Protection Agency introduced new regulations in 2011 that lowered the benzene content in gasoline to 0.62%. ; Wilhelm, E.; Grolier, J.-P.E., The hydrocarbon derived from benzoic acid thus acquired the name benzin, benzol, or benzene. Aspiration hazard - Category 1 The signal word is danger. [98] Benzene metabolism involves enzymes coded for by polymorphic genes.
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